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The transformation from basic forms of capitalism and democracy to their liberal counterparts marks a significant evolution in how societies organize their economic and political structures. This transition isn’t merely about adopting new policies or practices but is rooted deeply in the philosophical bedrocks of liberalism. Liberal democracy and liberal capitalism are reflective of an…

Capitalism, as an economic system, started to take shape in the 16th century, marking a distinct shift from the preceding feudal structures that dominated much of the medieval era. Feudalism, characterized by a rigid hierarchical system centered on land ownership and service, gave way by the 16th century to more mercantile practices—practices that were the…

The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution stands as a watershed moment in Russian history, fundamentally reshaping the nation’s political and social structures. This revolution marked the demise of Tsar Nicholas II’s reign and led to the establishment of a communist government. The promise of the revolution was grand and sweeping—displace the aristocracy, dismantle tsarist autocracy, and place…

In his insightful essay from December 2019, Branko Milanovic presents a provocative perspective: “capitalism rules the world with only the most minor exceptions, the entire globe now organizes economic production the same way.” This statement isn’t just an observation but a reflection of a profound global transformation. How did we reach this point where capitalist…

The recent actions taken by Germany, which involved closing down 54 Islamic centers allegedly connected to espionage and money laundering related to terrorism, represent a symbolic step in the right direction. However, these measures alone are insufficient in curtailing the activities of the Islamic regime in Iran. This view is reinforced by the concurrent escalation…

The recent activities of the Islamic Republic of Iran have sparked considerable debate and concern on an international scale. Particularly troubling are the apparent maneuvers to influence Muslim communities in major Western cities—such as Paris and London—as well as the broader implications these actions may have for international diplomacy and security, notably in the United…

Despite numerous security and punitive measures implemented by Europe and the United States, a lack of unity and disparity in decision-making has often hindered their effectiveness. This inconsistency in policies has inadvertently emboldened the Islamic Republic of Iran, allowing it to expand its activities not only in the Middle East but also in Arab countries…

The repercussions of collective international actions against atrocities and crimes against humanity have historically shaped global responses to conflicts. Notable instances, like the dismantling of South Africa’s Apartheid system, the cessation of Hitler’s Third Reich, and the intervention in genocidal acts in Croatia and Serbia, highlight the importance of global consensus and cooperation in addressing…

The examination of democracy through historical lenses often brings us to the classical age of Greece, where philosophers like Plato and his mentor Socrates laid foundational thoughts about civic participation and governance. Plato’s skepticism about the concept of mass majority forming the bedrock of liberal democracy is particularly provocative and crucial for understanding his broader…

The concept of democracy, which began to notably evolve from the 18th century, has long stood as a cornerstone of Western governance. Originating to embody the principles of people’s representation, democracy has undergone several transformations, adapting to the needs and challenges of various eras. Now, in its latest iteration, modern democracy often reveals itself as…